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| name = Abalone | image = LivingAbalone.JPG | image_caption = Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right. | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | subclassis = Vetigastropoda | superfamilia = Haliotoidea | familia = Haliotidae | familia_authority = Rafinesque, 1815 | genus = ''Haliotis'' | genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 57, see species section. | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = * ''Euhaliotis'' Wenz, 1938 * ''Eurotis'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964 * ''Exohaliotis'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1933 * ''Haliotis (Haliotis)'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Haliotis (Nordotis)'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964 * ''Haliotis (Notohaliotis)'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1933 * ''Haliotis (Padollus)'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Haliotis (Paua)'' C. Fleming, 1953 * ''Haliotis (Sulculus)'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 * ''Marinauris'' Iredale, 1927 * ''Neohaliotis'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1933 * ''Nordotis'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964 * ''Notohaliotis'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1933 * ''Ovinotis'' Cotton, 1943 * ''Padollus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Paua'' C. Fleming, 1953 * ''Sanhaliotis'' Iredale, 1929 * ''Schismotis'' Gray, 1856 * ''Teinotis'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 * ''Tinotis'' P. Fischer, 1885 (invalid: unjustified emendation of Teinotis) * ''Usahaliotis'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964 | type_species= ''Haliotis asinina'' Linnaeus, 1758 }} Abalone ( or ; via Spanish ', from the Rumsen language ''aulón'') is a common name for any of a group of small to very large edible sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Haliotidae.〔Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 on 2014-08-21〕 Other common names are ear shells, sea ears, and muttonfish or muttonshells in Australia, ormer in Great Britain, and ' in New Zealand. Abalone are marine snails. Their taxonomy puts them in the family Haliotidae which contains only one genus, ''Haliotis'', which once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''.〔 The number of species recognized worldwide ranges between 30 and 130 with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies. The shells of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of nacre (mother-of-pearl), which in many species is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors, which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, jewelry, and as a source of colorful mother-of-pearl. The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a desirable food, and is consumed raw or cooked in a variety of cultures. ==Description== The shell of abalones is convex, rounded to oval shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species is ear-shaped, presenting a small, flat spire and two to three whorls. The last whorl, known as the body whorl, is auriform, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". ''Haliotis asinina'' has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of ''Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii'' is also unusual as it has an ovate form, is imperforate, shows an exserted spire, and has prickly ribs. A mantle cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the selenizone which forms as the shell grows. This series of 8 to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number are generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Each species has a typical number of open holes, between four and ten, in the selenizone. An abalone has no operculum. The aperture of the shell is very wide and nacreous. The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species which may reflect the animal's diet.〔 The iridescent nacre that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red to deep blue, green to purple. The animal shows fimbriated head-lobes. The side-lobes are also fimbriated and cirrated. The rounded foot is very large. The radula has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. There are about 70 uncini, with denticulated hooks, the first four very large. The soft body is coiled around the columellar muscle, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The gills are symmetrical and both well developed. These snails cling solidly with their broad, muscular foot to rocky surfaces at sublittoral depths, although some species such as ''Haliotis cracherodii'' used to be common in the intertidal zone. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their fecundity is high and increases with their size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time). The spermatozoa are filiform and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head. The larvae are lecithotrophic. The adults are herbivorous and feed with their rhipidoglossan radula on macroalgae, preferring red or brown algae. Sizes vary from (''Haliotis pulcherrima'') to while ''Haliotis rufescens'' is the largest of the genus at . Abalones are herbivorous on hard substrata. By weight, approximately one-third of the animal is edible meat, one-third is offal, and one-third is shell. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abalone」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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